Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Unusual Results

Unusual Results

Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ from the mean, μ is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...

Schemas

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Expected Value

Expected Value

The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:In the equation, x is an event, and P(x) is the probability of the event occurring.The expected value has practical applications in decision theory.This text is adapted from Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and...

Uncertainty: Overview

Uncertainty: Overview

In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.

Spontaneity

Spontaneity

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Boosting luminescence in oxide phosphors by the vitrifying-devitrifying approach.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Manipulation of X-Ray Persistent Radioluminescence in Core-Shell-Shell Nanoparticles for Energy-Discriminated Chromatic 3D Imaging.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

X-ray preactivated reversible persistent luminescence enables photodynamic immunotherapy of deep tumors.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Efficient multicolor X-ray excited persistent luminescence enabled by Gd-mediated trap clusters.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Engineering Full-Spectrum Upconversion Through Coherent Energy Recycling in NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb,Tm/Cs<sub>4</sub>PbBr<sub>6</sub> Heterostructure.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Same author

Amplifying Anti-Tumor Immune Responses via Mitochondria-Targeting Near-Infrared Photodynamic Therapy.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Same journal

Near-exceptional point degeneracy enables multilevel optical memory.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Monolithic manufacturing of an electrically addressable quasi-suspended nanophotonic aperture.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Halide-site-substituting spacer creates quasi-two-dimensional perovskites for vapour-deposited light-emitting diodes.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Nanoscale amorphization of poly(triarylamine) for efficient and stable inverted perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Bridging nanotechnology and mechanobiology.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Coherent 2D/3D van der Waals epitaxy enables single-crystal perovskite heterostructures.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Expect the unexpected

¹Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.

Nature Nanotechnology

|March 6, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015