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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans
08:24

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: February 27, 2018

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Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study.

Ying-Ying Lin1, Stephanie Shiau2, Chi-Tai Fang3

  • 1Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Plos One
|March 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), liver cirrhosis, and immunosuppressive treatments without calcineurin inhibitors are key risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans infections. Diabetes mellitus was not identified as a risk factor in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus causing severe infections like meningitis and fungemia.
  • These infections are prevalent in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS, liver cirrhosis, or diabetes.
  • Distinguishing risk factors from comorbidities is crucial for understanding disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify independent risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcemia.
  • To differentiate between risk factors and comorbidities in patients with invasive Cryptococcus neoformans disease.

Main Methods:

  • A hospital-based, density-sampled, matched case-control study was conducted.
  • Retrospective data from 2002-2010 on new-onset cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcemia cases were analyzed.
  • Conditional logistic regression was used to determine risk factors, matching cases with controls by admission date, age, and gender.

Main Results:

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was a major risk factor for both conditions (aOR=181.4 for meningitis, aOR=216.3 for fungemia).
  • Decompensated liver cirrhosis (aOR=8.5 for meningitis, aOR=23.8 for fungemia) and CMI-suppressive regimens without calcineurin inhibitors (aOR=15.9 for meningitis, aOR=7.3 for fungemia) were significant risk factors.
  • Autoimmune diseases were also identified as a risk factor for cryptococcemia (aOR=9.3). Diabetes mellitus was not found to be a risk factor.

Conclusions:

  • AIDS, decompensated liver cirrhosis, specific immunosuppressive regimens, and autoimmune diseases are confirmed risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases.
  • The study highlights the importance of immune status and specific comorbidities in susceptibility to cryptococcosis.