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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle01:29

Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle

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Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur...
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

465
Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana
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Sulfide detoxification in plant mitochondria.

Hannah Birke1, Tatjana M Hildebrandt2, Markus Wirtz1

  • 1Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Methods in Enzymology
|March 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Plants utilize sulfide in sulfur metabolism, but excess sulfide in mitochondria can inhibit energy production. This study details methods to measure sulfide-producing and consuming enzymes, crucial for plant cell survival.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaCytochrome c oxidaseETHE1MitochondriaO-Acetylserine(thiol)lyasePlantSAT affinity purificationSulfide toxicitySulfur dioxygenaseβ-Cyanoalanine synthase

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry and cell biology
  • Mitochondrial function and sulfur metabolism

Background:

  • Phototrophic eukaryotes generate sulfide as a key intermediate in sulfur assimilation.
  • Mitochondria can release sulfide from various processes, including iron-sulfur cluster turnover and cyanide detoxification.
  • Sulfide is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase, essential for mitochondrial energy production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish protocols for quantifying sulfide-producing and consuming enzyme activities in plant mitochondria.
  • To understand the regulatory network governing mitochondrial sulfide homeostasis in plants.
  • To provide a method for purifying O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS-TL) proteins from plant material.

Main Methods:

  • Established protocols for determining the activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (sulfide release).
  • Established protocols for determining the activity of sulfide-consuming enzymes: O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS-TL) and sulfur dioxygenase (SDO).
  • Developed a reliable method for purifying OAS-TL proteins from plant tissues.

Main Results:

  • Protocols are provided to measure key enzymes involved in plant mitochondrial sulfide metabolism.
  • The study facilitates biochemical characterization of sulfide homeostasis mechanisms.
  • A purification protocol for OAS-TL proteins is described, aiding further research.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate measurement of sulfide-related enzyme activities is fundamental for understanding plant mitochondrial function.
  • These methods are essential for elucidating the sulfide detoxification network, ensuring plant cell survival.
  • The established protocols and purification method will advance research into plant sulfur metabolism and stress responses.