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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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RIG-I in RNA virus recognition.

Alison M Kell1, Michael Gale1

  • 1Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.

Virology
|March 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is crucial for detecting viral RNA and initiating antiviral immunity. RIG-I signaling activates defenses and programs adaptive immunity, offering potential for new antiviral therapies.

Keywords:
InfectionInnate immunityPathogen-associated molecular patternRIG-IRIG-I-like receptorRNA virus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antiviral immunity relies on recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • The RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family, including RIG-I, are key cytoplasmic sensors for viral nucleic acids.
  • RIG-I activation triggers signaling cascades essential for innate and adaptive antiviral responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of RIG-I in recognizing diverse viral families.
  • To explore RIG-I's function in programming adaptive immunity via innate immune crosstalk.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of leveraging RIG-I for antiviral strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on RIG-I signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of RIG-I's role in sensing RNA and DNA viruses.
  • Examination of RIG-I's crosstalk with other immune receptors and inflammasomes.

Main Results:

  • RIG-I activation by viral RNA initiates signaling via MAVS, activating IRF3 and NF-κB.
  • This leads to the production of type I and III interferons, establishing an antiviral state.
  • RIG-I plays a critical role in controlling RNA virus infections and influences adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

  • RIG-I is a central sensor for viral infections, crucial for initiating antiviral immunity.
  • Understanding RIG-I's crosstalk with other immune pathways reveals its broad impact on host defense.
  • Targeting RIG-I signaling presents a promising avenue for developing novel antiviral therapies.