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Molecular diagnostics have advanced allergy testing beyond allergen extracts. New in vitro tests measure IgE reactivity to individual allergens, improving allergy diagnosis accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Allergy diagnosis relies on clinical history and sensitization tests.
  • Traditional tests used allergen extracts (in vivo/in vitro).
  • Advancements necessitate understanding allergen molecular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the evolution of allergy diagnostic tests.
  • To highlight the role of molecular-based diagnostics.
  • To explain the impact of understanding allergen molecular structures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic test evolution over 25 years.
  • In vitro measurement of IgE reactivity to individual allergens.
  • Utilizing technologies like molecular cloning, recombinant allergens, X-ray crystallography, and NMR.

Main Results:

  • Shift from allergen extracts to molecular-based diagnostics.
  • Development of in vitro microarray/multiplex systems for IgE measurement.
  • Detailed molecular studies, including 3D structure determination, aid diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular diagnostics significantly enhance allergy testing.
  • Understanding allergen structure is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • New in vitro systems provide precise IgE reactivity data.