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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Harmonic focus in thyroidectomy for substernal goiter.

Christoffer Holst Hahn1, Waldemar Trolle1, Christian Hjort Sørensen1

  • 1ENT Department, Rigshospitalet/Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Auris, Nasus, Larynx
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The harmonic scalpel is a safe tool for thyroidectomy in patients with substernal goiter, reducing blood loss and hospital stay. However, operative time was longer compared to traditional methods.

Keywords:
ComplicationsElectrocauterySubsternal goiterThyroidectomyUltrasonic devise

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Technology
  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Substernal goiter presents unique surgical challenges.
  • Limited prospective data exists on advanced energy devices for this procedure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively evaluate the harmonic scalpel for thyroidectomy in patients with substernal goiter.
  • To assess its impact on blood loss, operative time, hospital stay, and complications.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, non-randomized study of 242 patients with substernal goiter undergoing thyroidectomy.
  • Comparison between 121 patients using harmonic scalpel and 121 patients using conventional bipolar electrocoagulation and knot-tying.

Main Results:

  • Harmonic scalpel use significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss (50 vs. 100mL) and postoperative hemorrhage (4% vs. 12%).
  • Hospital stay was shorter (2 vs. 3 days) with harmonic scalpel use.
  • Mean operative time was significantly longer in the harmonic scalpel group.

Conclusions:

  • The harmonic scalpel is a safe and effective instrument for thyroidectomy in substernal goiter.
  • It offers benefits of reduced blood loss and shorter hospital stay.
  • Further evaluation may be needed to optimize operative time.