Quantitation of free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid reliably predicts their intrathecal synthesis

The results of free light chains quantitation in the cerebrospinal fluid were recently compared with the presence of cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal IgG, but not oligoclonal free kappa light chains and oligoclonal free lambda light chains. We therefore aimed to compare the performance of the quantitative tests with the qualitative one for the same molecule.

Seventy-five paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples were analysed for oligoclonal IgG, oligoclonal free kappa light chains and oligoclonal free lambda light chains. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum free kappa and lambda light chains were quantified using Freelite™ kits on SPA Plus analyzer. ROC curves were analysed for the prediction of intrathecal synthesis and compared for cerebrospinal fluid concentration, cerebrospinal fluid/serum quotient (QfLC) and index (QfLC/QAlbumin). The presence of cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal free kappa light chains and oligoclonal free lambda light chains bands was used as reference.

No statistically significant differences were observed among cerebrospinal fluid concentration, QfLC and index for the prediction of free light chain intrathecal synthesis. Each parameter was able to predict the occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal free light chain bands (AUCs 0.932-0.999). However, we noted elevated cerebrospinal fluid free light chain concentrations in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal free light chain bands in two patients with very high serum free light chain values.

Quantitation of cerebrospinal fluid free light chains reliably predicts their intrathecal synthesis. Yet, cerebrospinal fluid/serum quotient may still be preferred to correct for high serum free light chain concentrations. An appropriate formula should be sought to correct for blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier status.