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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Vagina01:26

Vagina

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The vaginal canal is a tubular structure averaging about 10 cm in length that acts as the entryway to the female reproductive system and the passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth. The interior walls of the vagina exhibit concentric folds called rugae and are topped by an area known as the fornix, which connects with the protruding cervical portion of the uterus. This canal is comprised of an external fibrous layer, a muscular middle layer, and an inner lining with mucosal rugae, which...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
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[Ureterovaginal fistulae].

Giovanni Muzzonigro, Flavia Tombolini

    Urologia
    |March 11, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ureterovaginal fistulas, often from pelvic surgery, can cause urinary leakage. Most cases resolve with conservative or endourological stenting, but complex cases may require ureteral reimplantation surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Surgical Pathology

    Background:

    • Ureterovaginal fistulae are rare but serious complications following pelvic surgery.
    • These fistulae represent abnormal connections between the ureter and vagina.
    • Symptoms include vaginal urine leakage, flank pain, fever, and potential renal function loss.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review diagnostic procedures for ureterovaginal fistulae.
    • To evaluate endourological and surgical management techniques.
    • To analyze literature from 1991 to 2014.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of articles published between 1991 and 2014.
    • Analysis of diagnostic modalities like computed tomography and retrograde pyelography.
    • Evaluation of conservative, endourological (stenting), and surgical (reimplantation) treatments.

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    Main Results:

    • Computed tomography and retrograde pyelography are key for diagnosing fistulous tracts and anatomy.
    • The majority of ureterovaginal fistulae are successfully managed conservatively or with endourological stenting.
    • Ureteral reimplantation techniques (ureteroneocystostomy, psoas hitch, Boari flap) are effective for complex cases.

    Conclusions:

    • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for ureterovaginal fistulae.
    • Endourological stenting offers a high success rate for suitable cases.
    • Surgical reimplantation, using open or minimally invasive approaches, provides successful outcomes when conservative methods fail.