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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Sociodemographic factors associated with participation by HIV-1-positive pregnant women in an intervention to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Cote d'Ivoire.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection

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Where next for hepatitis B and C surveillance?

S Z Wiktor1

  • 1Global Hepatitis Programme, Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B and C infections cause millions of deaths globally. Case reporting, while valuable for tracking trends and outbreaks, requires better data completeness and complementary methods for a full epidemiologic assessment.

Keywords:
Europecase reportinghepatitis Bhepatitis Csurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Hepatitis B and C infections represent a substantial global health burden, causing 1.3 million deaths annually.
  • There is a critical need for improved data quality regarding the disease burden of hepatitis B and C.
  • Case reporting of diagnosed infections is a key method for informing policymakers about hepatitis trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize trends in hepatitis B and C infection across Europe using harmonized reporting data.
  • To evaluate the utility of case reporting for monitoring hepatitis trends and identifying outbreaks.
  • To highlight the need for comprehensive epidemiologic assessments that integrate case reporting with other data sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized standardized case definitions and a harmonized reporting framework developed by the European Centers for Disease Control (ECDC).
  • Analyzed trends in reported cases of hepatitis B and C across European countries.
  • Examined risk factor information, including the role of injecting drug use.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability in reported hepatitis B and C cases was observed across European countries, partly due to differing testing practices.
  • Injecting drug use remains a prominent risk factor for hepatitis C infection.
  • Hepatitis case reporting provides valuable insights but its utility is limited by reporting completeness.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis case reporting is a valuable tool for public health surveillance, outbreak detection, and trend monitoring.
  • Improving the completeness of hepatitis case reporting is essential to enhance data utility.
  • A comprehensive epidemiologic assessment of hepatitis burden necessitates combining case reporting data with serologic and behavioral surveys.