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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
194
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
95
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

132
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
132
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

157
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
157
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

119
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
119
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

257
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Clinical implications of pharmacogenetic and microarray testing for advanced practice nurses.

Kathleen S Brennan1

  • 1Radford University, Radford, Virginia.

Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
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Advanced practice providers need a foundation in genetics for pharmacogenetics. Understanding microarray testing, a key method for genetic variation analysis, is crucial for interpreting pharmacogenetic test results.

Keywords:
Pharmacogeneticsbiotechnologyfamily practicegeneticsnurse practitionerspharmacotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenetics and Genomics
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The field of pharmacogenetics is rapidly evolving, necessitating a strong foundation in genetics for advanced practice providers.
  • Cytochrome P450 pathways and other drug metabolism pathways are commonly analyzed for allelic variation using microarray testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide advanced practice providers with a fundamental understanding of genetics and genetic testing.
  • To establish microarray testing as a framework for comprehending pharmacogenetic testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic, pharmacogenetic, and biotechnical literature.
  • Explanation of the genetics and biotechnology underlying allelic variation testing.
  • Inclusion of clinical examples from nursing literature in cardiology and psychiatry.

Main Results:

  • Microarray testing identifies genetic variations in drug metabolism.
  • Understanding microarray technology provides a framework for pharmacogenetic testing.
  • Clinical applications in cardiology and psychiatry demonstrate the utility of pharmacogenetic testing.

Conclusions:

  • Inexpensive and accessible genetic testing for individual drug metabolism necessitates a deeper understanding of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomics testing biotechnology by advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs).
  • Knowledge of microarray testing enables providers to determine appropriate patient testing, select tests, and interpret results.
  • APRNs should increase their use of interdisciplinary databases for current pharmacogenetic knowledge.