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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

63
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

37
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

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Hepatitis e: molecular virology and pathogenesis.

Subrat K Panda1, Satya P K Varma1

  • 1Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes acute hepatitis, with high mortality in pregnant individuals. This review details HEV

Keywords:
DUB, deubiquitinatingELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spotEMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assayER, endoplasmic reticulumHepeviridaeNTP, nucleoside triphosphateORF, open reading framesRdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymeraseUTR, untranslated regionopen reading framespathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus causing acute, self-limiting hepatitis with epidemic potential.
  • HEV infection is characterized by high mortality in pregnant women and poorly understood pathogenesis.
  • Challenges in HEV culture have historically limited research into its replication and disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of Hepatitis E virus molecular biology.
  • To explore the pathogenesis of HEV infections.
  • To highlight recent advances in HEV research, including structure and replication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HEV genome organization and replication.
  • Analysis of studies utilizing animal models, expression of viral open reading frames (ORFs), and infectious cDNA clones.
  • Examination of recent findings on HEV structure, entry, egress, and ORF1 functional domains.

Main Results:

  • HEV possesses a single-stranded RNA genome with three ORFs and untranslated regions.
  • HEV replication involves a negative-sense RNA intermediate, producing genomic and sub-genomic RNAs.
  • ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins including the viral replicase; ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from sub-genomic RNA.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HEV molecular biology and pathogenesis is crucial due to variations in host and genotype specificity.
  • Further investigation is needed into HEV zoonosis, chronicity in immunosuppressed patients, and decompensation in liver disease patients.
  • Recent advances have improved comprehension of HEV structure, replication, and host interactions.