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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...

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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Published on: November 27, 2019

Hepatitis e and acute liver failure in pregnancy.

Shalimar¹, Subrat K Acharya¹

¹Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

|March 11, 2015

Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection poses significant risks to pregnant women, potentially causing severe liver complications and adverse outcomes for both mother and child. Research is needed to understand HEV pathogenesis and develop preventive strategies, including vaccines.

Keywords:

ALF, acute liver failure AVH, acute viral hepatitis CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes HEV, hepatitis E virus NANE, non A, non E NK, not known NP, non-pregnant NR, not reported OR, odds ratio ORF, open reading frame P, pregnant fetal transmission mortality pathogenesis

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Published on: April 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in endemic regions.
HEV is transmitted via fecal contamination of water and food.
Pregnant women, particularly from the Indian subcontinent and Africa, face heightened risks of severe HEV infection and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the risks and complications of Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy.
To highlight the current understanding and gaps in knowledge regarding HEV pathogenesis in pregnant women.
To discuss management strategies and the importance of prevention.

Main Methods:

Literature review of HEV infection in pregnancy.
Analysis of maternal and fetal complications associated with HEV.
Discussion of current management and prevention strategies.

Main Results:

HEV infection in pregnant women can lead to severe complications, including ALF, abortion, fetal demise, preterm labor, and maternal or neonatal death.
Transmission from mother to unborn child is possible, with significant risks to both.
The exact reasons for increased susceptibility and disease severity in pregnancy remain unclear.

Conclusions:

HEV infection poses a serious threat to pregnant women and their fetuses, necessitating further research into pathogenesis and prevention.
Supportive management is recommended, with pregnancy termination not generally advised.
Preventive measures, such as ensuring clean water access, are crucial for community-level control, while a vaccine could significantly impact high-risk populations.