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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

63
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
63
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

263
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
263
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

358
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
358
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

2.4K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
2.4K
Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

1.6K
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
1.6K
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

933
The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
933

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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
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Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

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Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.

Ashish Kumar1, Vivek A Saraswat2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110 060, India.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute viral hepatitis globally and can lead to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in patients with existing liver disease. HEV-ACLF has high mortality, necessitating intensive care and potentially liver transplantation.

Keywords:
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failureAPASL, Asia–Pacific Association for the Study of LiverAVH, acute viral hepatitisCHB, chronic hepatitis BHAV, hepatitis A virusHBV, hepatitis B virusHEV, hepatitis E virusHEV-ACLF, HEV-related ACLFICU, intensive care unitINR, international normalized ratioMELD, model for end-stage liver diseaseacute-on-chronic liver failurecirrhosishepatitis E virusliver failureribavirin

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
  • HEV infection typically presents as a self-limiting illness but can precipitate acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in individuals with pre-existing liver disease.
  • ACLF is characterized by rapid liver function deterioration, organ failure, and high mortality, with HEV being a significant etiological factor in endemic regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical presentation and outcomes of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
  • To emphasize the severe implications of HEV infection in patients with chronic liver disease, leading to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).
  • To discuss the management strategies and therapeutic options for HEV-related ACLF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HEV-related acute viral hepatitis and ACLF.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, disease progression, and mortality rates associated with HEV-ACLF.
  • Evaluation of current treatment approaches, including intensive care, supportive measures, and potential pharmacological interventions.

Main Results:

  • HEV-related ACLF exhibits a mortality rate ranging from 0% to 67%, with a median of 34%.
  • Patients with HEV-ACLF often require intensive care unit admission and benefit from multidisciplinary clinical management.
  • Liver transplantation is a crucial option for selected patients to improve survival and quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E virus is a critical cause of acute viral hepatitis and a significant trigger for acute-on-chronic liver failure, especially in endemic areas.
  • Effective management of HEV-ACLF involves intensive care, organ support, and consideration of liver transplantation.
  • Further large-scale trials are needed to validate preliminary findings on the efficacy of antiviral agents like ribavirin for HEV-ACLF treatment.