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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan01:25

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Jeyamani Ramachandran1

  • 1Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through regular surveillance significantly improves survival rates for cirrhosis patients. Semiannual ultrasounds are key to identifying early-stage tumors, enabling curative treatments and better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
HCC, hepatocellular carcinomaMRI, magnetic resonance imagingNAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseRCTs, randomized controlled trialsUSG, ultrasonogramcirrhosishepatocellular carcinomasurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of mortality in cirrhosis patients.
  • Advances in treatment offer 5-year survival for 50-70% of early HCC patients post-transplantation, resection, or ablation.
  • Early tumor detection via surveillance is crucial for accessing these curative options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of surveillance in early HCC detection.
  • To discuss risk factors, surveillance modalities, and their cost-effectiveness.
  • To examine the logistics of HCC surveillance delivery in India.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HCC surveillance.
  • Analysis of recommended surveillance protocols (e.g., semiannual ultrasonogram).
  • Discussion of cost-effectiveness and implementation challenges.

Main Results:

  • Surveillance effectively detects early-stage HCC, expanding eligibility for curative treatments.
  • Semiannual ultrasonography is the recommended standard of care by major liver societies.
  • Evidence suggests surveillance improves survival rates for HCC patients.

Conclusions:

  • Physician responsibility in providing surveillance for chronic liver disease patients is critical.
  • Early diagnosis through surveillance is the primary means to improve HCC patient outlook.
  • The review provides context for HCC surveillance in India, considering risk, methods, cost, and logistics.