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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages
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Autophagy and inflammasome interplay.

João D Martins1, Joana Liberal, Ana Silva

  • 11 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal .

DNA and Cell Biology
|March 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inflammasomes, crucial for innate immunity, can drive disease when overactive. This review explores the link between inflammasome activation and autophagy, highlighting their mutual influence on disease progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Inflammation is a key immune response involving pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs).
  • Activated NLRs form inflammasomes, driving cytokine release and pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory cell death.
  • Dysregulated inflammasome activation is implicated in various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the interplay between autophagy and inflammasome activation.
  • To discuss the implications of this crosstalk in disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the relationship between autophagy and inflammasome pathways.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy and inflammasome activation are interconnected and mutually influence each other.
  • This crosstalk plays a role in regulating inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the autophagy-inflammasome axis is crucial for comprehending disease progression.
  • Targeting this interaction may offer therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.