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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

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Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
35.7K
EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration01:23

EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration

2.3K
Unlike direct titration, back-titration, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration method for quantifying anions. In the indirect titration method, anions are precipitated as their insoluble salts with excess metal ions. The filtrate containing the excess metal ions is directly titrated with standard EDTA until the endpoint is achieved. Another approach involves extracting the metal ion and back-titrating with standard EDTA to obtain the endpoint. In this way, the...
2.3K
EDTA: Direct, Back-, and Displacement Titration01:30

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The EDTA titration types for metal ion analysis include direct titration, back-titration, and replacement titration.
Direct titration involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoint. The optimum pH ensures a large conditional formation constant of metal−EDTA and visibility of the free indicator color in the solution. In addition, auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides...
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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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A titration model for evaluating calcium hydroxide removal techniques.

Mark Phillips1, Scott McClanahan2, Walter Bowles2

  • 1Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA.

Journal of Applied Oral Science : Revista FOB
|March 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) significantly reduces residual calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in root canals compared to traditional irrigation methods. This finding is crucial for improving endodontic treatment outcomes and material compatibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a common endodontic intracanal medicament.
  • Its antimicrobial properties are beneficial, but complete removal is challenging.
  • Residual Ca(OH)2 can negatively impact endodontic sealer setting and resin-dentin bonding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify residual Ca(OH)2 after various irrigation protocols.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in removing Ca(OH)2.

Main Methods:

  • A chemical titration method was developed to measure residual Ca(OH)2.
  • Human canine roots were prepared and filled with Ca(OH)2.
  • Different irrigation methods were tested: syringe irrigation alone, with apical file, with PUI, and with both.

Main Results:

  • No tested method completely eliminated residual Ca(OH)2.
  • Syringe irrigation with 30 seconds of PUI, with or without an apical file, was significantly more effective in removing Ca(OH)2 than irrigation alone.

Conclusions:

  • The developed titration technique accurately quantifies residual Ca(OH)2.
  • Passive ultrasonic irrigation is a superior method for removing Ca(OH)2 from the root canal system, improving endodontic treatment predictability.