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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.3K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Update on autoantibodies to modified proteins.

René E M Toes1, Tom J W Huizinga

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|March 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Recent research reveals that autoantibodies targeting modified proteins, including anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), develop before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) onset. These antibodies mature and increase in levels as the disease progresses.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation.
  • Autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor, have long been recognized in RA pathogenesis.
  • Recent advancements focus on autoantibodies targeting post-translationally modified proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on recent findings regarding autoantibodies to modified proteins in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • To summarize the expansion of knowledge on anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and other related autoantibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on autoantibodies in RA.
  • Analysis of findings related to anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA).

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  • Examination of autoantibody systems targeting other modified proteins, like homocitrulline residues.

    • Main Results:

    • Knowledge on autoantibodies to citrullinated antigens has significantly expanded.
    • ACPA recognize multiple citrullinated protein antigens in the synovial compartment due to cross-reactivity.
    • ACPA levels, isotype usage, and epitope repertoire expand before clinical RA onset.
    • Other autoantibody systems targeting modified proteins (e.g., homocitrulline) have been identified.
    • The evolution of these autoantibody systems parallels ACPA response, indicating pre-disease onset immune dysregulation.

    Conclusions:

    • The understanding of autoantibodies in rheumatic diseases has grown substantially beyond rheumatoid factor.
    • Autoantibodies recognizing post-translationally modified proteins are crucial for understanding RA.
    • New autoantibody systems to modified proteins have been identified, with ongoing research into their clinical relevance.