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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Propylene glycol toxicity in children.

Terri Y Lim1, Robert L Poole1, Natalie M Pageler2

  • 1Departments of Pharmacy, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California.

The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT : the Official Journal of PPAG
|March 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Propylene glycol (PG) toxicity can occur with high doses or prolonged use, affecting the central nervous system and causing metabolic issues. This review highlights risks in infants and patients with specific conditions, emphasizing the need for monitoring.

Keywords:
adverse effectspediatricpropylene glycoltoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Propylene glycol (PG) is a widely used pharmaceutical solvent.
  • While generally safe, high doses or prolonged exposure can lead to PG toxicity.
  • Adverse effects include CNS toxicity, hyperosmolarity, hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, and lactic acidosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on propylene glycol toxicity.
  • To highlight the risks and manifestations of PG toxicity.
  • To specifically address the underreported cases in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies and case reports on propylene glycol toxicity.
  • Analysis of reported adverse effects and at-risk patient populations.
  • Discussion of diagnostic laboratory monitoring parameters.

Main Results:

  • Propylene glycol toxicity presents with a range of serious adverse effects.
  • Infants, patients with renal/hepatic insufficiency, epilepsy, and burn patients are at higher risk.
  • Laboratory monitoring aids in diagnosing PG toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Propylene glycol toxicity is a significant concern, particularly in vulnerable populations.
  • Further research and awareness are needed, especially regarding pediatric cases.
  • Clinical vigilance and appropriate laboratory monitoring are crucial for managing PG toxicity.