Urinary biomarkers of kidney diseases in HIV-infected children

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Nephrology
• Infectious Diseases
• Biomarker Discovery

Background:

• Children with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) face significant risks of developing renal diseases.
• These conditions can negatively impact treatment efficacy and overall quality of life.
• Early identification of renal disease and antiretroviral drug toxicity is vital to prevent severe complications like cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline common renal diseases in HIV-1-infected children.
• To evaluate current clinical markers for noninvasive monitoring of renal function and damage.
• To review advancements in the discovery and validation of novel renal biomarkers over the past decade.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on renal diseases in pediatric HIV-1.
• Analysis of the utility and limitations of current clinical markers for renal assessment.
• Discussion of recent progress in identifying and validating new biomarkers for HIV-1-infected children and young adults.

Main Results:

• Common renal pathologies in HIV-1-infected children are identified.
• Current clinical markers show value but have limitations in noninvasive monitoring.
• Significant progress has been made in discovering new renal biomarkers, though validation in large cohorts is pending.

Conclusions:

• Effective monitoring of renal health in HIV-1-infected children requires understanding current markers and their limitations.
• Emerging biomarkers show promise for improved noninvasive assessment of renal function and toxicity.
• Further validation and clinical integration of new biomarkers are essential for optimal patient care.