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Ketamine-induced tongue protrusions in rats
L A Marco1, R Pendleton, T F Reed
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile.
Summary
Ketamine anesthesia in rats causes tongue movements, including protrusions, retrusions, and swallows. Haloperidol partially reverses these effects, suggesting ketamine
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Ketamine is an anesthetic agent with known effects on motor control.
- Understanding ketamine's impact on orofacial movements is crucial for its clinical application and research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the induction of specific linguo-pharyngeal events, including tongue protrusions (P), by ketamine anesthesia in adult rats.
- To analyze the sequential patterns of these events and the effect of haloperidol administration.
Main Methods:
- Adult rats were administered ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg).
- Linguo-pharyngeal events (protrusions, retrusions, swallows) were observed and analyzed.
- Haloperidol was administered at varying doses (0.75-2.5 mg/kg) to assess its effect on ketamine-induced events.
Main Results:
- Ketamine anesthesia induced tongue protrusions (P) alongside retrusions (R) and swallows (S).
- These events occurred in various sequential patterns, with the SPR sequence not always being predominant.
- Haloperidol administration suppressed these events for 1-120 minutes, with swallows being the least affected.
Conclusions:
- Ketamine significantly disrupts normal physiological linkages, leading to complex linguo-pharyngeal activities.
- The observed ketamine-induced linguo-pharyngeal activity, modulated by haloperidol, serves as a valuable model for studying acute and tardive dyskinesia.