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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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The law of mass action states that "the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants." It means that the more 'active mass' or 'concentration' of the reactants present, the faster the reaction will proceed.In a chemical reaction, there are forward and reverse reactions. The forward reaction is the process where the reactants combine to form products. The reverse reaction is the process where the products break down to form the...
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Consistent thermodynamic framework for interacting particles by neglecting thermal noise.

Fernando D Nobre1,2, Evaldo M F Curado1,2, Andre M C Souza3,2

  • 1Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an effective temperature (θ) for interacting particles, enabling thermodynamic analysis even at low temperatures. It establishes thermal equilibrium and the zeroth principle, extending thermodynamics to new systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • An effective temperature (θ) conjugated to a generalized entropy s(q) was recently proposed for systems with interacting particles.
  • In these systems, θ is significantly higher than room temperature (T), allowing thermal noise (T/θ ≈ 0) to be neglected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore heat exchange and thermal equilibrium between systems using the effective temperature (θ).
  • To consolidate the first law of thermodynamics (du = θds(q) + δW) and derive thermodynamic potentials and relations.

Main Methods:

  • Proposing a method for heat exchange between two systems with effective temperature.
  • Applying Legendre transformations to derive thermodynamic potentials.
  • Deriving equations of state and Maxwell relations.

Main Results:

  • Established thermal equilibrium and the zeroth principle for systems with effective temperature.
  • Derived thermodynamic potentials, equation of state, and Maxwell relations.
  • Demonstrated consistency with standard thermodynamics for T > 0.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework extends thermodynamic principles to systems with high effective temperatures.
  • The generalized entropy and effective temperature provide a consistent thermodynamic description.