Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Sasanlimab taken together with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) compared with BCG alone in people with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a plain language summary.

Future oncology (London, England)·2026

Same author

Pembrolizumab in Combination With Gemcitabine and Concurrent Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy as Bladder-sparing Treatment for Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder: A Multicenter Phase 2 Trial.

European urology·2026

Same author

Artificial Urinary Sphincter-Sparing Vulvoplasty: A Case Report.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Tumor-specific lncRNA IGF1R-AS1 trans-regulates chromatin interactions associated with oncogenic MYC signaling.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Percutaneous nephrostomy guidance by a convolutional-neural-network-based optical coherence tomography endoscope.

Communications engineering·2026

Same author

Optimal Management of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Recommendations from the International Bladder Cancer Group.

European urology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Intravesical therapy for bladder cancer.

Sanjay G Patel¹, Andrew Cohen, Adam B Weiner

¹University of Chicago Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Section of Urology , 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA +1 773 702 5195 ; +1 773 702 1001 ; patelsg1@gmail.com.

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

|March 17, 2015

Summary

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is standard for bladder cancer, but adjuvant intravesical therapies like Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy are crucial for reducing recurrence and progression in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Keywords:

chemotherapy immunotherapy intravesical therapeutics urothelial neoplasms

More Related Videos

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Published on: July 28, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Published on: July 28, 2012

Area of Science:

Urology
Oncology
Pharmacology

Background:

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the standard initial treatment for bladder cancer, offering diagnostic and therapeutic benefits for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
TURBT alone is insufficient for optimal NMIBC management, with recurrence and progression rates varying based on tumor characteristics.
Adjuvant intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy can decrease NMIBC recurrence and progression via immunostimulation or direct cell ablation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review risk stratification strategies for NMIBC patients.
To evaluate the role of intravesical therapies in reducing disease recurrence and progression.
To examine the pharmacology and side effects of intravesical immunotherapy and chemotherapy agents.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of Medline database for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials.
Inclusion of evidence on immunotherapy and chemotherapy agents for NMIBC.
Review of drug mechanisms of action, dosing, administration, and toxicity profiles.

Main Results:

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is the most effective agent for high-risk NMIBC.
BCG reduces both recurrence and progression in patients with carcinoma in situ and high-grade disease.
Selection of intravesical agents depends on patient risk stratification and drug toxicity.

Conclusions:

Effective management of NMIBC requires risk stratification to guide the choice of intravesical therapy.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is the preferred treatment for high-risk NMIBC, significantly reducing recurrence and progression.
Balancing therapeutic efficacy with intravesical agent toxicity is essential for optimal patient outcomes.