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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Cysteine dietary supplementation reverses the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production at complex I induced by

A Gomez1, J Gomez, M Lopez Torres

  • 1Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, 28040, Spain.

Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes
|March 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Dietary cysteine reverses beneficial effects of methionine restriction in rats, including reduced mitochondrial ROS production. However, cysteine did not reverse other protective changes against protein stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Aging research
  • Nutritional biochemistry
  • Mitochondrial function

Background:

  • Methionine restriction (MR) offers health benefits in aging rodents.
  • Dietary cysteine has been reported to counteract some MR-induced effects.
  • Understanding cysteine's impact on MR's benefits is crucial for aging studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how dietary cysteine affects methionine restriction-induced changes in aging rats.
  • To determine if cysteine reverses MR's impact on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein damage.

Main Methods:

  • Male Wistar rats were fed diets low in methionine, supplemented with cysteine, or both.
  • Mitochondrial ROS generation at complex I was measured.
  • Markers of oxidative and non-oxidative stress on mitochondrial proteins were assessed.
  • Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Cysteine supplementation reversed the MR-induced decrease in mitochondrial ROS generation at complex I.
  • MR decreased mitochondrial protein stress markers, effects not reversed by cysteine.
  • Cysteine supplementation reduced protein damage and mTOR activation.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary cysteine reverses the reduction in mitochondrial ROS production caused by methionine restriction.
  • Cysteine supplementation also mitigates protein damage, partly via mTOR inhibition.
  • These findings highlight cysteine's complex role in modulating the benefits of methionine restriction.