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Developmental programming: the role of growth hormone.

Anita M Oberbauer1

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Summary

Fetal development influences adult offspring physiology and future generations. This review examines how growth hormone (GH) impacts tissue programming and its function when development is altered.

Keywords:
EpigeneticGrowth hormoneProgrammingTransgeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Fetal development significantly impacts offspring physiology and can alter phenotypes in subsequent generations.
  • Traits like fertility, bone strength, and adiposity are crucial for food animal production, making in utero influences on these traits vital.
  • Growth hormone (GH) is a key systemic regulatory hormone with a critical developmental role across numerous tissues and organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of growth hormone (GH) on tissue programming during development.
  • To explore how early developmental perturbations affect GH function in offspring.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating growth hormone (GH) and developmental programming.
  • Analysis of research on in utero factors influencing fetal development and subsequent phenotypes.
  • Synthesis of findings on the role of GH in tissue development and function.

Main Results:

  • Growth hormone (GH) plays a fundamental role in the developmental programming of various tissues.
  • Altered GH function due to early developmental insults can lead to long-term physiological consequences.
  • These consequences can manifest as altered phenotypes relevant to animal production, including fertility, bone strength, and adiposity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the impact of growth hormone (GH) on developmental programming is crucial for improving animal production.
  • Early life interventions targeting GH pathways may mitigate adverse phenotypic outcomes in offspring.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which GH influences developmental programming and transgenerational effects.