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Being human is a gut feeling.

Thiago Hutter1, Carine Gimbert2, Frédéric Bouchard1

  • 1Département de philosophie, Université de Montréal, P. O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada.

Microbiome
|March 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Our bodies host a vast human microbiome, with bacterial cells outnumbering Homo sapiens cells. This challenges traditional definitions of individuality, proposing a "super-individual" model based on functional integration.

Keywords:
Biological individualityFunctional integrationHomo sapiensSuper-individual

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Biology
  • Philosophy of Science

Background:

  • Metagenomic studies reveal a significant microbial presence within the human body.
  • Bacterial cells constitute the majority of cells, outnumbering Homo sapiens cells.
  • This microbial community is termed the human microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the implications of the human microbiome on the definition of a biological individual.
  • To propose a new conceptual framework for understanding human biological identity.
  • To address philosophical questions arising from the human microbiome's composition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing metagenomic data.
  • Conceptual analysis of biological individuality.
  • Philosophical argumentation regarding selfhood and symbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Human individuals can be redefined as "super-individuals" comprising Homo sapiens and microbial species.
  • Biological individuality is proposed to be determined by functional integration among constituent parts.
  • The traditional boundary of the self must extend beyond the skin to include resident microbes.

Conclusions:

  • The human microbiome necessitates a paradigm shift in understanding biological individuality.
  • Functional integration provides a robust definition for the human super-individual.
  • This research bridges microbiology and philosophy to redefine the human being.