Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

136.4K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
136.4K
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

2.9K
Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
2.9K
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

3.0K
The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
3.0K
Regulation of Water Intake01:25

Regulation of Water Intake

3.1K
Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
3.1K
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

2.7K
Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
2.7K
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium01:24

Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

3.1K
Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Erratum to Loss of GalNAc-T14 links O-glycosylation defects to alterations in B cell homing in IgA nephropathy.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

A case of early pregnancy pulmonary embolism following mifepristone administration: a call for increased pharmacovigilance and research.

Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue·2026
Same author

Sudden bilateral ocular pain, conjunctival redness and blurred vision with halos at hemodialysis start: an eye of attention for the nephrologist! Lessons for the Clinical Nephrologist.

Journal of nephrology·2026
Same author

DPP-4 inhibitors in current diabetes care: their foundational role in treating to target.

Diabetes research and clinical practice·2026
Same author

Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Increase the Risk of Rejection, CMV Viremia, and Graft Loss After Kidney Transplantation.

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society·2026
Same author

Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Update and a Practical Diagnostic Approach.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
10:21

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.1K

[Hyponatremia in clinical practice].

Giuseppe Regolisti, Aderville Cabassi, Elio Antonucci

    Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia : Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Nefrologia
    |March 17, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hyponatremia, a common electrolyte disorder, requires careful management. Rapid correction can cause neurological damage, while slow correction is vital for chronic cases to prevent osmotic demyelination syndrome.

    More Related Videos

    Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
    07:38

    Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

    Published on: March 30, 2015

    9.8K
    5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
    08:50

    5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

    Published on: July 3, 2013

    24.5K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

    Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
    10:21

    Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

    Published on: September 22, 2023

    1.1K
    Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
    07:38

    Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

    Published on: March 30, 2015

    9.8K
    5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
    08:50

    5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

    Published on: July 3, 2013

    24.5K

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Internal Medicine
    • Clinical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance in hospitalized patients.
    • It is linked to poor clinical outcomes and increased healthcare costs.
    • Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to severe neurological emergencies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of hyponatremia.
    • To provide a practical, evidence-based approach to hyponatremia treatment.
    • To discuss current guidelines and controversies in managing chronic hyponatremia, including vasopressin antagonists.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of hyponatremia management.
    • Presentation and discussion of a clinical case.
    • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Acute, symptomatic hyponatremia necessitates emergency treatment with hypertonic saline.
    • Gradual correction is crucial in chronic hyponatremia to prevent osmotic demyelination syndrome.
    • A case illustrates the transition from emergency treatment to preventing hypercorrection using hypotonic solutions and desmopressin.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of hyponatremia etiology is critical for appropriate treatment.
    • Management strategies must balance the risks of undertreatment and overtreatment.
    • Evidence-based guidelines are essential for optimizing patient outcomes in hyponatremia.