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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

4.3K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C

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DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in stem cells.

Ying Cheng1, Nina Xie1,2, Peng Jin1

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Cell Biochemistry and Function
|March 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are crucial for stem cell function and reprogramming. Recent advances in understanding these processes offer potential for regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords:
adult stem cellsepigeneticshydroxymethylationmethylationstem cells

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LINE-1 Methylation Analysis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated with Osteosarcoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are key epigenetic regulators of gene expression and cellular functions in mammals.
  • These processes are vital for the function of various stem cells, including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Changes in DNA methylation are critical for successful nuclear reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in stem cells.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding cytosine methylation dynamics.
  • To explore the implications of these epigenetic mechanisms for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation.
  • Analysis of recent findings concerning TET enzymes and dynamic cytosine modifications.
  • Synthesis of information regarding epigenetic regulation in various stem cell types.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation play significant roles in stem cell biology and reprogramming.
  • The rediscovery of hydroxymethylation and TET enzymes has revealed more dynamic aspects of DNA methylation regulation.
  • Advances in understanding stem cell epigenetics are accumulating.

Conclusions:

  • Current knowledge highlights the dynamic nature of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in stem cells.
  • Continued research in stem cell epigenetics is expected to drive future clinical applications in regenerative medicine.