Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

17.5K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
17.5K
Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

24.6K
Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as...
24.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

22.3K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
22.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

21.6K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
21.6K
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

4.3K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
4.3K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

50.1K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
50.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fluorine Makes the Difference-Gold(I)-NHC Complexes With Fluoroaryl Substituents Exhibit Highly Potent Antileishmanial Activity.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Reaction of Hydrogermanes ArGeH<sub>3</sub> with Organolithium Reagents RLi: Unexpected Transfer of Organic Groups Instead of Lithiation.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Tetrel Cyclic Polyene Dianions as Precursors for the Pyramidal Clusters and Multi-Decker Sandwiches.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2025
Same author

Synthesis, structure, ionochromic and cytotoxic properties of new 2-(indolin-2-yl)-1,3-tropolones.

Beilstein journal of organic chemistry·2025
Same author

Mechanochemistry to Form Substituted Imidazoles, Imidazolium Salts and NHC-Gold Complexes with Fluorine-Containing Groups.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Electrophilic Behavior of the "Nucleophilic" Pyramidane: Reactivity of Ge-Pyramidane towards Organolithium Reagents.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.6K

Pentagermapyramidane: crystallizing the "transition-state" structure.

Vladimir Ya Lee1, Yuki Ito, Olga A Gapurenko

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki (Japan). leevya@chem.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|March 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized pentagermapyramidane, the first homonuclear pyramidane. Computational studies revealed unique structural characteristics and apex-to-base bonding interactions in this novel germanium cluster.

Keywords:
NMR spectroscopyX‐ray diffractioncage compoundsdensity functional calculationsgermanium

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
11:27

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

49.6K
X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050
11:27

X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050

Published on: May 13, 2020

4.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.6K
Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
11:27

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

49.6K
X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050
11:27

X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050

Published on: May 13, 2020

4.5K

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Homonuclear clusters are crucial in understanding chemical bonding.
  • Pyramidane structures, with a pyramidal arrangement of atoms, are of significant interest.
  • Synthesis of novel cluster compounds expands the scope of inorganic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first homonuclear pyramidane, pentagermapyramidane.
  • To investigate the structural features and bonding characteristics of pentagermapyramidane.
  • To computationally study the stability of different structural forms.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of pentagermapyramidane.
  • Full characterization using spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
  • Computational studies including density functional theory (DFT) to analyze structure and bonding.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of pentagermapyramidane.
  • Identification of unique structural features and apex-to-base bonding interactions.
  • Computational analysis revealed distinct stabilities for square-pyramidal and distorted forms in solid-state and solution.

Conclusions:

  • Pentagermapyramidane represents a new class of homonuclear pyramidanes.
  • The study provides insights into the bonding and structural diversity of germanium clusters.
  • Computational methods are essential for understanding the properties of novel inorganic compounds.