The general use of outdoor warning sirens: a preliminary survey of emergency managers

With more direct, personal warning systems becoming popular, the continued maintenance of older warning systems, such as outdoor warning sirens, may be jeopardized as emergency managers (EMs) seek to optimize their limited budgets. However, the extent to which sirens are embedded into the American landscape and culture argues against their removal. To better quantify the distribution and use of outdoor warning sirens, an international survey of EMs was conducted to learn more about where siren systems are deployed and how they are operated. Approximately 593 respondents started the 31 question survey with 383 completing it. Questions were asked regarding siren network size, alternative warning systems, siren use and capabilities, and testing. For those without sirens, a series of questions were asked for why sirens were not used. In general, a lack of perceived threat, high costs, and large geographic area kept some jurisdictions from installing sirens. Of those that operate siren networks, half of networks are small (≤10 sirens), while a small percentage of jurisdictions (6.3 percent) operate very large networks (>100). A large majority of respondents expected to maintain or expand their networks within the next 5 years. Three-quarters of respondents use additional warning systems. Nearly half of respondents use sirens for nonweather applications, and nearly two-thirds have the capability to use multiple sound alerts. Overall, sirens remain a popular tool for warning on a variety of local hazards though how the sirens are operated and tested vary widely by jurisdiction.