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Related Concept Videos

Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
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Thermoelectric effects in graphene nanostructures.

Philippe Dollfus1, Viet Hung Nguyen, Jérôme Saint-Martin

  • 1Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8622, Orsay, France.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Graphene

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene's unique electronic band structure makes it interesting for fundamental physics.
  • Graphene's gapless nature and high thermal conductivity limit its thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental and theoretical findings on the thermoelectric properties of graphene and its nanostructures.
  • To explore strategies for enhancing graphene's thermoelectric performance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Seebeck and Nernst effects.
  • Theoretical predictions and experimental investigations of nanostructured graphene.
  • Review of hybrid graphene structures and other 2D semiconductors.

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Main Results:

  • Nanostructuring and bandgap engineering can reduce thermal conductivity and enhance the Seebeck coefficient in graphene.
  • Graphene nanostructures show potential for efficient thermoelectric energy conversion.
  • Hybrid structures and other 2D materials offer new avenues for thermoelectric applications.

Conclusions:

  • While pristine graphene has limitations, engineered graphene nanostructures and related 2D materials show promise for thermoelectric applications.
  • Further research into these materials could lead to advancements in energy conversion technologies.