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Related Concept Videos

Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
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Evolutionary problems in centrosome and centriole biology.

L Ross1, B B Normark2

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|March 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Centrosome evolution is complex, challenging old ideas of self-replication. New research shows centrosomes (microtubule-organizing centers) assemble de novo, influencing cell functions and showing remarkable conservation across eukaryotes.

Keywords:
axonemecentriolecentrosomeinheritanceinsectpaternal genome eliminationreplicatorsperm

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Centrosomes, the primary microtubule-organizing centers, have long puzzled evolutionary biologists due to limited understanding of their origins and functions.
  • Previous hypotheses suggested centrosomes replicate independently, but recent findings challenge this view.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate centrosome and centriole evolution in light of contemporary centrosome biology.
  • To address evolutionary paradoxes and explore the conserved nature and occasional dramatic changes in centrosome structure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in centrosome biology.
  • Analysis of evolutionary hypotheses regarding centrosome replication and function.
  • Comparative analysis of centrosome structure and presence across eukaryotic taxa.

Main Results:

  • Centrosomes are not independent replicators but assemble de novo each cell cycle, with prior centrosomes acting as regulators.
  • Centrosomes influence sensory, motor, and chromosomal functions, though their role in chromosome movement is not universally essential.
  • Centrosome structure is highly conserved across eukaryotes, with notable exceptions like centriole hypertrophy in certain insect groups.

Conclusions:

  • The de novo assembly model reframes centrosome evolution, moving away from replication-based hypotheses.
  • The conserved nature of centrosomes, punctuated by specific evolutionary elaborations, suggests complex selective pressures.
  • Further research is needed to understand the functional significance of centrosome variations and their differential fate in reproduction across animal groups.