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Prolactin, a key hormone, has diverse roles in reproduction and lactation. Research reveals distinct prolactin isoforms with unique functions and identifies its role in infertility and cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Prolactin is a pituitary hormone crucial for lactation and reproduction.
  • Different prolactin isoforms, including 23 kDa and 16 kDa, exhibit distinct biological functions.
  • Extrapituitary prolactin secretion contributes to its diverse physiological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on prolactin and prolactin receptor (PRL-R) biology.
  • To summarize the physiological and pathological roles of prolactin.
  • To highlight prolactin's impact on human pathophysiology, including infertility and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on prolactin and prolactin receptor.
  • Analysis of animal models for prolactin isoform function.
  • Focus on human pathophysiology, including hyperprolactinaemia and PRLR mutations.

Main Results:

  • The 23 kDa prolactin isoform signals through the prolactin receptor (PRL-R).
  • The 16 kDa prolactin isoform inhibits angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
  • Mechanisms of infertility in hyperprolactinaemia and the first human PRLR mutation have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Prolactin isoforms possess independent biological functions.
  • Prolactin plays a significant role in human pathophysiology, affecting reproduction and potentially cancer.
  • Understanding prolactin and PRL-R is vital for reproductive health and cancer research.