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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Ectopic mediastinal thyroid tissue with a normally located thyroid gland.

Mohamed Abdel Aal¹, Fabian Scheer¹, Reimer Andresen¹

¹Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology/Neuroradiology, West Kusten Klinikum Heide Academic Teaching Hospital, Universities of Kiel, Lubeck, Germany.

Iranian Journal of Radiology : a Quarterly Journal Published by the Iranian Radiological Society

|March 19, 2015

Summary

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) is a rare condition. Computed tomography-guided punch biopsy is an effective method for diagnosing mediastinal masses, distinguishing them from malignancy.

Keywords:

Ectopic Mediastinum Thyroid Gland

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Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) presents diagnostic challenges.
Mediastinal masses require accurate differentiation from malignancy.

Observation:

A 77-year-old woman with breast cancer management presented with a mediastinal mass on CT scan.
The mass was initially suspected as lymph node metastasis.

Findings:

CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic punch biopsy (CT-TPB) was performed.
CT-TPB provided a definitive diagnosis of ectopic mediastinal thyroid tissue, excluding malignancy.

Implications:

CT-guided biopsy is a valuable tool for diagnosing mediastinal masses.
This technique aids in differentiating benign conditions like ETT from malignant tumors.