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Related Concept Videos

Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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Lipid Catabolism01:25

Lipid Catabolism

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Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Glycolysis01:23

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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Analyzing Ex Vivo Metabolic Flux in Splenic and Cardiac Macrophages and Bone Marrow Monocytes
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A broken krebs cycle in macrophages.

Luke A J O'Neill1

  • 1School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.

Immunity
|March 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals key metabolites and metabolic pathways essential for distinct macrophage polarization states using a systems approach. It clarifies the metabolic rewiring process macrophages undergo during polarization.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Macrophages are critical immune cells that exhibit distinct functional states.
  • Macrophage polarization involves significant metabolic changes, but these are not fully understood.
  • Understanding metabolic rewiring is crucial for controlling macrophage function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic pathways involved in macrophage polarization.
  • To identify key metabolites that define different macrophage states.
  • To provide an unbiased systems-level analysis of macrophage metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a systems biology approach for unbiased analysis of cellular metabolism.
  • Utilized advanced techniques to profile metabolites and metabolic pathways.

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  • Compared metabolic profiles across distinct macrophage polarization states.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified specific metabolites and metabolic pathways critical for macrophage polarization.
    • Revealed distinct metabolic signatures associated with different macrophage states.
    • Provided a comprehensive map of metabolic rewiring during polarization.

    Conclusions:

    • Metabolic rewiring is a fundamental aspect of macrophage polarization.
    • The identified metabolic pathways and metabolites are key regulators of macrophage function.
    • This systems approach offers a powerful tool for studying cellular metabolism in immune cells.