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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Anaesthesia changes perceived finger width but not finger length.

Lee D Walsh1, Damon Hoad, John C Rothwell

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK, l.walsh@neura.edu.au.

Experimental Brain Research
|March 20, 2015
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Summary

Anesthesia makes the index finger feel significantly wider, not longer. This non-uniform change in perceived body size suggests the brain may alter body perception to protect against injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Somatosensation
  • Perception

Background:

  • The brain integrates multiple sensory inputs to determine body size, crucial for environmental interaction.
  • Somatosensory information is implicated in body size perception, with anesthesia reportedly increasing perceived limb size.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether anesthesia-induced changes in perceived body size are uniform across different dimensions (width and length).
  • To determine if the aspect ratio of a body part changes when anesthetized.

Main Methods:

  • Ten human subjects received digital nerve blocks with clinical (1% lignocaine), weak (0.25% lignocaine), or saline control doses.
  • Subjects reported perceived finger size by selecting templates, and quantitative sensory testing measured sensory signal changes.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia caused subjects to perceive their index finger as up to 32% wider compared to the saline control.
  • Perceived finger length increased by less than 5% during anesthesia.
  • The aspect ratio of the perceived finger size changed significantly under anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia induces non-uniform changes in perceived body size, with width perception increasing more than length.
  • This finding challenges previous assumptions of preserved aspect ratio during anesthesia-induced body size illusions.
  • Non-uniform perceptual changes may reflect a protective brain mechanism increasing perceived body perimeter to prevent injury.