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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Inflammation01:38

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Sympathetic Signaling01:31

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
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The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation.

Georg Pongratz, Rainer H Straub

    Arthritis Research & Therapy
    |March 20, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates inflammation context-dependently. In autoimmune arthritis, the SNS initially promotes inflammation but later becomes anti-inflammatory, impacting metabolism and disease severity.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimmunology
    • Autonomic Nervous System
    • Inflammation Biology

    Background:

    • Accumulating evidence highlights the sympathetic nervous system's (SNS) crucial role in inflammation.
    • SNS-immune system interactions are highly context-dependent, influenced by immune cell activation and neurotransmitter levels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the context-dependent regulation of inflammation by the SNS.
    • To examine the differential roles of the SNS and catecholamines in autoimmune arthritis progression.
    • To present a conceptual framework for SNS-mediated immune system nourishment and its implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of SNS-immune system interactions.
    • Focus on autoimmune arthritis as a model system.
    • Development of a conceptual model for SNS effects in disease.

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    Quantifying Acute Changes in Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Response to Central Nervous System Manipulations in Anesthetized Rats
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    Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators
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    Main Results:

    • SNS-immune interactions are context-specific, varying with immune cell state and neurotransmitter concentrations.
    • In autoimmune arthritis, the SNS exhibits dual roles: pro-inflammatory early on and anti-inflammatory later.
    • Chronic SNS activation fuels the immune system, potentially leading to detrimental metabolic consequences like cachexia and insulin resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • The SNS plays a complex, time-dependent role in autoimmune inflammation.
    • Persistent SNS activation in autoimmunity can induce a chronic catabolic state with severe systemic effects.
    • Translating this knowledge into clinical benefits for autoimmune diseases remains a key challenge.