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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: April 11, 2025
Clinical correlates of retrograde amnesia in mild traumatic brain injury
Teemu M Luoto1, Grant L Iverson, Heidi Losoi
1Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland .
Primary Objective:
The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of retrograde amnesia (RA) in patients with acute mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI).
Methods And Procedures:
An emergency department sample of patients (n = 75), aged 18-60 years, with no pre-morbid medical or psychiatric conditions, who met the WHO criteria for MTBI were enrolled in this prospective, descriptive, follow-up study. This study examined the presence and duration of RA in relation to socio-demographics, MTBI severity markers including neuroimaging (CT, MRI) and clinical outcomes (Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire, post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis and return to work (RTW) status) at 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months post-injury.
Main Outcomes And Results:
GCS scores and duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were related to RA. Those with GCS scores of 14 vs. 15 were more likely to have RA (χ(2)(1) = 13.70, p < 0.0001) and a longer duration (Mann-Whitney U = 56.0, p < 0.0001, d = 1.15) of RA. The duration of RA and PTA correlated positively (Spearman ρ(75) = 0.42, p < 0.0001) and those with RA had longer durations of PTA (Mann-Whitney U = 228.5, p = 0.001, d = 1.21). During the follow-up, the presence and duration of RA were not significantly associated with PCS diagnosis or time to RTW.
Conclusions:
In this study, the presence and duration of RA was not associated with outcome.
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