Proteometabolomics of bladder cancer: current and future prospects

Urinary bladder cancer (BC) is fifth most common cancer worldwide; the diagnostic methods are mostly instrumental approaches including cystoscopy and cytology. Since BC recurrence rate is high, consequently requires long-term follow-up. The molecular assays that can precisely identify BC at an early stage are obligatory. Although several noninvasive urine and blood samples based biomarkers have been proposed in the last decade but only few have been approved by Food and drug administration (FDA) for clinical purpose. Hence the search for more suitable biomarker is still on. In this review, we summarize the urine and blood based metabolic and protein tests not only for determination but also BC patient surveillance.