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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Manipulating motor performance and memory through real-time fMRI neurofeedback.

Frank Scharnowski¹, Ralf Veit², Regine Zopf³

¹Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics-CIBM, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-G 4, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), STI-IBI Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Biological Psychology

|March 23, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that real-time fMRI neurofeedback can precisely control specific brain regions, leading to targeted improvements in motor reaction times and memory encoding. This method offers a non-pharmacological way to enhance cognitive functions by directly influencing brain activity.

Keywords:

Brain imaging Brain training Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)Memory Motor performance Neurofeedback Real-time fMRI Self-regulation

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Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Published on: January 20, 2012

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Neuroimaging

Background:

Cognitive task performance is influenced by general factors like attention and motivation.
These factors are often unspecific, difficult to control, and lack regional brain specificity.
Targeted modulation of brain activity is needed for precise cognitive enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the use of real-time fMRI neurofeedback for non-pharmacological, regionally specific brain activity manipulation.
To train participants to control activity in distinct brain areas simultaneously.
To determine if learned control over specific brain regions yields specific behavioral effects.

Main Methods:

Employed real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback.
Trained participants to simultaneously control brain activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC).
Assessed behavioral outcomes related to motor and memory tasks.

Main Results:

Participants successfully learned to voluntarily control ongoing brain activity in distinct, circumscribed brain regions (SMA and PHC).
Learned control over the SMA led to functionally specific behavioral effects, such as shortened motor reaction times.
Learned control over the PHC resulted in specific interference with memory encoding processes.
The neurofeedback approach demonstrated the ability to directly manipulate sustained activity in task-relevant brain regions.

Conclusions:

Real-time fMRI neurofeedback enables precise, non-pharmacological modulation of regionally specific brain activity.
This targeted manipulation can induce specific behavioral and cognitive effects, going beyond general psychological influences.
The findings support the potential of neurofeedback as a tool for directly enhancing cognitive functions through direct brain activity control.