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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 27, 2014

Enhancing the mirror illusion with transcranial direct current stimulation.

Steven A Jax¹, Diana L Rosa-Leyra¹, H Branch Coslett²

¹Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA.

Neuropsychologia

|March 23, 2015

Summary

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance the mirror illusion (MI). Specifically, a right-anode/left-cathode tDCS montage amplified the MI, suggesting potential for improving mirror therapy in stroke patients.

Keywords:

Mirror feedback Mirror therapy Reaching Transcranial direct current stimulation

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Published on: September 26, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Rehabilitation

Background:

Visual feedback significantly influences upper-extremity movement.
The mirror illusion (MI) and mirror therapy are used to treat post-stroke movement deficits.
MI increases primary motor cortex excitability, correlating with behavioral performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modifies the mirror illusion (MI).
To explore tDCS as a method to potentially enhance mirror therapy effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Participants performed a reaching task behind a mirror, viewing their reflected limb.
A positional offset between the unseen and reflected limbs created the MI.
Bilateral tDCS (anode right-cathode left; anode left-cathode right) or sham tDCS was applied to primary motor cortices.

Main Results:

The anode right-cathode left tDCS montage significantly increased the magnitude of the MI compared to sham tDCS.
The anode left-cathode right tDCS montage did not show a significant effect on the MI magnitude.

Conclusions:

tDCS, particularly the right-anode/left-cathode configuration, can modulate the MI.
These findings suggest tDCS may be a viable tool to augment mirror therapy for individuals with hemiparesis.