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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
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Prospective memory impairments in schizophrenic patients.

Imanollah Bigdeli1, Azin Farzin2, Siavosh Talepasand3

  • 1Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Summary

Schizophrenia patients exhibit significant prospective memory (PM) deficits compared to healthy individuals. These impairments were most pronounced in time-based tasks and retrospective memory assessments.

Keywords:
Prospective MemoryRetrospective MemorySchizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Memory impairment is a core cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, significantly impacting daily functioning.
  • Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to perform intended actions in the future, is crucial for independent living.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively assess prospective memory (PM) deficits in first-episode schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls.
  • To investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms (positive and negative) and PM performance in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving 30 male first-episode schizophrenia patients and 28 healthy male controls from Iran.
  • Utilized the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), specific PM tasks, and the Virtual Week Board Game for assessment.
  • Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS).

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia patients demonstrated significant prospective and retrospective memory deficits compared to healthy controls.
  • Individuals with dominant positive symptoms showed better memory performance than those with dominant negative symptoms across all memory types.
  • The most substantial group differences were observed in time-based PM, irregular event-based tasks (Virtual Week), and retrospective memory (PRMQ).

Conclusions:

  • This study confirms severe prospective memory deficits in schizophrenia patients.
  • The findings highlight the significant impact of schizophrenia on the ability to remember future intentions, particularly in time-based and retrospective domains.