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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

In vitro Monitoring of Extracellular pH in Real-Time
Published on: June 3, 2021
Non-invasive, real-time reporting drug release in vitro and in vivo
Yanfeng Zhang1, Qian Yin, Jonathan Yen
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jianjunc@illinois.edu.
Abstract:
We developed a real-time drug-reporting conjugate (CPT-SS-CyN) composed of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent cyanine-amine dye (CyN), a disulfide linker, and a model therapeutic drug (camptothecin, CPT). Treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) induces cleavage of the disulfide bond, followed by two simultaneous intramolecular cyclization reactions with identical kinetics, one to cleave the urethane linkage to release the NIR dye and the other to cleave the carbonate linkage to release CPT. The released CyN has an emission wavelength (760 nm) that is significantly different from CPT-SS-CyN (820 nm), enabling easy detection and monitoring of drug release. A linear relationship between the NIR fluorescence intensity at 760 nm and the amount of CPT released was observed, substantiating the use of this drug-reporting conjugate to enable precise, real-time, and non-invasive quantitative monitoring of drug release in live cells and semi-quantitative monitoring in live animals.
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