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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • R2 retrotransposons are non-LTR elements that insert into 28S rRNA genes across metazoans, often disrupting gene function.
  • Incomplete R2 integration can lead to 5' end deleted copies, while active copies repopulate the locus.
  • Molecular drive processes typically eliminate non-functional elements, promoting concerted evolution of rDNA arrays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the peculiar coexistence of functional (R2Brfun) and degenerate (R2Brdeg) R2 elements in the stick insect Bacillus rossius.
  • To determine the replication and elimination mechanisms of truncated and degenerate R2 elements in stick insects.
  • To compare the rDNA management and molecular drive efficiency in stick insects with other organisms like Drosophila.

Main Methods:

  • Intensive sequencing surveys to identify and characterize R2 element variants.
  • Functional assays to assess the activity of the ribozyme in degenerate R2 elements.
  • Comparative analysis of R2 element distribution and copy number in stick insect genomes.

Main Results:

  • Stick insects harbor both functional R2 elements (R2Brfun) and full-length degenerate elements (R2Brdeg).
  • Truncated R2 variants are present in multiple copies, indicating duplication by unequal recombination.
  • Degenerate R2Brdeg elements lack active ribozymes and likely replicate via unequal recombination, not retrotransposition.

Conclusions:

  • The persistence of inactive R2 elements (R2Brdeg and 5'-truncated) in stick insects contrasts with Drosophila, suggesting different rDNA locus management.
  • The molecular drive process appears less efficient in stick insects, leading to slower concerted evolution of rDNA arrays.
  • Unequal recombination is the likely mechanism for the amplification of degenerate R2 elements in Bacillus rossius.