[Subjective impressions of bowing actions and their appropriateness in specific social contexts]

The current study used video clips of bowing actions depicted by three-dimensional computer graphics. The bend angle (15 degrees and 45 degrees) and duration of the bent posture (0-4.5 seconds) were varied. In the first experiment, the participants rated their subjective impressions of the bowing actions. The bowing actions that were made at a 45 degrees angle and held for more than 1 second were rated as courteous. Bowing motions held for shorter durations were rated as smooth. In the second experiment, the participants evaluated whether a bowing action was appropriate for a specific social context. The participants judged 15 degrees-angle bowing of no/ very short duration appropriate for greeting, 45 degrees-angle bowing of no / short duration appropriate for gratitude, and 45 degrees-angle bowing for about 2 seconds appropriate for an apology. The results of these two experiments are discussed in terms of how angle and duration influence the impressions and evaluations of the appropriateness of a bowing acion.