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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
Published on: January 17, 2018
Philip C Johnston1, Amir H Hamrahian2, Robert J Weil3
1Regional Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT12 6BA, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Pituitary tumor apoplexy, a syndrome of sudden pituitary adenoma hemorrhage or infarction, presents with diverse symptoms including headache, vision loss, and hormonal dysfunction, requiring prompt recognition for optimal outcomes.
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