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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
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Hypoglycaemia and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.

James P Boardman1, Jane M Hawdon

  • 1MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|March 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) need higher blood glucose levels. Maintaining blood glucose at 2.5 mmol/L or more is recommended for these infants to ensure adequate energy supply.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic adaptation

Background:

  • Transition to neonatal life requires metabolic adaptation for energy supply to vital organs.
  • Alternative cerebral fuels (fatty acids, ketone bodies, lactate) are used when blood glucose falls.
  • Severe hypoxia-ischaemia impairs this metabolic adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal target blood glucose level for neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).
  • To investigate the risks of hypoglycemia in neonates with HIE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal and human data on metabolic adaptation and hypoglycemia in neonates.
  • Analysis of recent data supporting target blood glucose levels in neonates with acute neurological dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Hypoglycemia levels tolerated in normal neonates can be harmful in neonates with hypoxia-ischaemia.
  • Recent data suggest maintaining blood glucose at 2.5 mmol/L or higher in neonates with acute neurological dysfunction, including HIE.
  • This target is higher than the 2 mmol/L threshold for infants without neurological dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal blood glucose targets for HIE are still under investigation.
  • Current guidance recommends a higher blood glucose threshold (≥2.5 mmol/L) for neonates with HIE and acute neurological dysfunction.
  • This aims to ensure adequate cerebral energy provision during this critical period.