Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

466
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
466
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

432
Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
432
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.5K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.5K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

8.0K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
8.0K
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

452
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
452
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

7.1K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
7.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Thermally driven tetrazine-to-triazole ring contraction mediated by hydroxylammonium cations.

Materials horizons·2026
Same author

Potassium trinitromethyl tetrazole (TNMT-K): a new member of the primary explosive family.

Materials horizons·2026
Same author

Exploring the Construction of a Fused-Ring Triazolopyrimidine Energetic Molecule.

Organic letters·2026
Same author

[5,5]-Fused Heterocycle-Bridged Bistetrazoles Enable High-Energy and Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Materials.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Electronic-Structure-Regulated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Construction of High-Performance Nitroimino-Functionalized Fused Heterocyclic Energetic Materials.

Organic letters·2026
Same author

Stabilizing High-Energy Materials via a C-C-Connected [5,5]-Fused Triazolotriazole and Triazine Scaffold.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Pressure-Related Challenges and Strategic Approaches in Lithium Metal Sulfide all-Solid-State Batteries.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Dual Regulatory Functions of Classical Zinc Finger Clusters from Myeloid Zinc Finger-1.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

A Selectfluor-based Polonovski Rearrangement Leading to Novel Entities for Synthetic and Medicinal Applications.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Relay Approach: A Convergent Synthesis of Key Fragments en route to (+)-Neosorangicin A.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Working Under Pressure: Empirical Findings on the Challenges Facing PhD Students in Chemistry.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Charge Resonance Interaction in Aromatic Trimer Radical Cations Revealed by IR Spectroscopy: The Case of Pyrrole Homo- and Heterotrimers.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
10:42

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

10.4K

Nitroxy/azido-functionalized triazoles as potential energetic plasticizers.

Yongxing Tang1, Jean'ne M Shreeve

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343 (USA).

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel energetic plasticizers from 4-amino-3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole. The nitration product showed excellent detonation properties and a low melting point, making it ideal for solid propellants.

Keywords:
azidesenergetic plasticizershigh-energy materialsmelt-castable explosivesnitroxy compounds

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.5K
A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
10:42

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

10.4K
Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.5K
A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Energetic materials science
  • Organic synthesis
  • Chemical crystallography

Background:

  • 4-amino-3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole serves as a versatile scaffold for energetic compounds.
  • Energetic plasticizers are crucial for tailoring the properties of solid propellants.
  • Functionalization with nitroxy and azido groups can enhance energetic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel nitroxy- and azido-functionalized compounds.
  • To evaluate the energetic performance of these compounds as potential energetic plasticizers.
  • To investigate the suitability of synthesized compounds for applications in solid propellants.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of target compounds via functionalization of 4-amino-3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole.
  • Full characterization using spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
  • X-ray single crystal diffraction for structural confirmation of selected compounds.
  • Energetic performance calculations using EXPLO5 software, incorporating heats of formation and experimental densities.

Main Results:

  • A series of nitroxy- and azido-functionalized triazole derivatives were successfully synthesized.
  • Two compounds were structurally confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction.
  • The nitration product, 1-nitro-3,5-di(nitroxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole, demonstrated significant energetic performance.
  • Calculated detonation properties (D=8574 m/s, P=32.7 GPa) and a low melting point were observed for the nitration product.
  • The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential as energetic plasticizers.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized nitroxy- and azido-functionalized triazole derivatives show promise as energetic materials.
  • 1-nitro-3,5-di(nitroxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole exhibits excellent detonation properties and a low melting point.
  • This nitration product is a highly attractive candidate for use as an energetic plasticizer in solid propellants.
  • The study contributes to the development of advanced energetic materials with tailored properties.