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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
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The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Related Experiment Video

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Reference values for left and right ventricular trabeculation and non-compacted myocardium.

Florian André1, Astrid Burger1, Dirk Loßnitzer1

  • 1University of Heidelberg, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.

International Journal of Cardiology
|March 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Differentiating normal from abnormal heart trabeculation is difficult. This study found many healthy individuals meet criteria for left ventricular non-compaction, especially women, highlighting the need for age- and gender-specific reference values.

Keywords:
AgeCardiovascular magnetic resonanceGenderPhysiologyReference valuesTrabeculation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Distinguishing physiological from pathological cardiac trabeculation is clinically challenging.
  • Assessing trabeculation distribution in healthy volunteers is crucial for establishing reference values.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the distribution of cardiac trabeculation in a reference population of healthy individuals.
  • To determine age- and gender-specific reference ranges for trabeculated volumes and non-compacted-to-compacted ratios.

Main Methods:

  • 117 healthy subjects were stratified by age and gender.
  • Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) with SSFP sequence was used.
  • Quantified left and right ventricular (LV/RV) volumes, ejection fraction (EF), and maximum non-compacted-to-compacted (NC/C) ratio.

Main Results:

  • Trabeculated volumes were larger in men and decreased with age.
  • A significant percentage of healthy subjects met current criteria for LV non-compaction (NC/C ratio >2.3 in 46.2%).
  • Higher NC/C ratios were associated with decreased EF, and women showed a higher false-positive rate.

Conclusions:

  • Current criteria for LV non-compaction may lead to overdiagnosis in healthy individuals, particularly women.
  • LV trabeculated volume is higher in younger individuals and decreases with age.
  • Implementing age- and gender-specific reference values is essential for accurate diagnosis of cardiac trabeculation abnormalities.