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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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The streetlight effect in type 1 diabetes.

Manuela Battaglia1, Mark A Atkinson2

  • 1Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.

Diabetes
|March 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes research faces challenges, leading to "safe" studies. Boldly questioning current T1D dogmas and exploring unconventional ideas are crucial for finding a true cure.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Despite nearly a century of research since insulin's discovery, the cause and cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain elusive.
  • The current research landscape for T1D is challenging due to funding pressures, reproducibility concerns, and reliance on traditional models, fostering
  • safe
  • research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate existing T1D research paradigms and identify areas ripe for bold questioning.
  • To propose novel, unconventional research avenues that could accelerate the discovery of T1D's cause and a definitive cure.

Main Methods:

  • This is a perspective piece, not an experimental study.
  • Analysis of the current T1D research environment and its impact on innovation.

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  • Identification of potential biases and limitations in existing research approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • The current T1D research environment encourages "safe" studies, potentially hindering groundbreaking discoveries.
    • Existing research dogma may impede progress toward understanding the fundamental causes of T1D.
    • Unconventional and under-explored research concepts hold promise for T1D cure development.

    Conclusions:

    • A shift towards more courageous and unconventional research is necessary for T1D.
    • Challenging established T1D research norms is essential for identifying root causes and achieving a cure.
    • Investigating under-explored concepts may unlock new pathways to effectively treat and cure type 1 diabetes.