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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla
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Coronal approach to zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.

Q-W Zhuang1, X P Zhang, X Wang

  • 1Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Xuzhou City, Affiliated to Southeast University, Xuzhou Stomatology Clinical School of Weifang Medical University, Xuzhou Jiangsu Province, China. mrocket@126.com.

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
|March 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The coronal approach is effective for treating complex zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, offering accurate reduction and fixation. This method leads to excellent cosmetic outcomes with minimal complications, making it a preferred choice for severe facial trauma.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures represent a significant portion of midface injuries.
  • While many fractures are treatable with local incisions, complex cases necessitate wider exposure for optimal reduction and fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the coronal approach for open reduction and rigid fixation of comminuted or multiple zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.
  • To analyze indications and postoperative complications associated with this surgical technique.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 31 patients with comminuted or multiple zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures treated via coronal approach (hemi-coronal or bi-coronal).
  • Open reduction and rigid fixation were performed, with detailed recording of surgical indications and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Early complications included minor hemorrhage, temporary paresthesia, facial nerve weakness, and surgical edema.
  • Late complications involved alopecia and persistent paresthesia, but all patients reported high satisfaction with cosmetic results.
  • No cases of infection were reported.

Conclusions:

  • The coronal approach facilitates accurate fragment reduction and rigid fixation for complex zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.
  • This technique yields favorable cosmetic results with a low complication rate, establishing it as a primary option for severe cases.
  • Strict adherence to indications for coronal incisions is recommended.